The Human Body

This site is all about human body. From basics to higher levels. It is equally useful to children as well as professionals.

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TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER

Posted by Prakash
Saturday, September 17, 2011
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Peptic ulcer is defined as mucosal erosion equal to or greater than 0.5cm. It is the commonest ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease is not fully understood, three major causative factors are recognized: 1) Infection with gram negative Helicobacter pylori, 2) increased hydrochloric acid secretion and 3) inadequate mucosal defense against gastric acid. Treatment approaches include:
  • Eradicating the H. pylori infection
  • Reducing secretion of gastric acid or neutralizing the acid after it is released, and/or
  • Providing agents that protect the gastric mucosa from damage.

 Above figure summarizes drugs that are effective in treating peptic ulcer disease.

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

Posted by Prakash
Saturday, September 10, 2011
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Intramuscular injections are used when rapid absorption is needed, because muscle has a good blood supply. Common sites are the buttock (gluteus medius), the lateral thigh (vastus lateralis), and the shoulder (deltoid).Since these muscles contain major muscles of the body, great care should be taken while giving the injection so that the nerves are not injured. These sites are shown in the given figure.

MUSCLES OF HIP AND LEGS

Posted by Prakash
Tuesday, September 6, 2011
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The hip muscles that move the thigh are anchored to the pelvic bone and cross the hip joint to the femur. Among these are the gluteus maximus (extension), gluteus medius (abduction), and iliopsoas (flexion). The muscles that form the thigh include the quadriceps group anteriorly and the hamstring group posteriorly. For most people, the quadriceps is stronger than the hamstrings, which is why athletes more often have a “pulled hamstring” rather than a “pulled quadriceps.” Movement of the knee joint depends on thigh muscles and lower leg muscles. Movement of the foot depends on lower leg muscles such as the gastrocnemius (dorsiflexion or flexion) and the tibialis anterior (plantar flexion or extension). See table 4 for details.

MUSCLES OF SHOULDER AND ARMS

Posted by Prakash
Sunday, September 4, 2011
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The triangular deltoid muscle covers the point of the shoulder like a cap, and can pull the humerus to the side (abduction), forward (flexion), or backward (extension). You already know the functions of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii, the muscles that form the bulk of the upper arm. Other muscles partially in the upper arm help bend the elbow (flexion). The muscles that form the bulk of the forearm are the flexors and extensors of the hand and fingers. You can demonstrate this yourself by clasping the middle of your right forearm with your left hand, then moving your right hand at the wrist and closing and opening a fist; you can both feel and see the hand and finger muscles at work. See table 3 for details.






MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

Posted by Prakash
Friday, September 2, 2011
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The muscles of the trunk cannot be described with one or two general functions. Some form the wall of the trunk and bend the trunk, such as the rectus abdominis (flexion) and the sacrospinalis group (extension). The trapezius (both together form the shape of a trapezoid) is a large muscle that can raise (shrug) the shoulder or pull it back, and can help extend the head. Other muscles found on the trunk help move the arm at the shoulder. The pectoralis major is a large muscle of the chest that pulls the arm across the chest (flexion and adduction). On the posterior side of the trunk, the latissimus dorsi pulls the arm downward and behind the back (extension and adduction). These muscles have their origins on the bones of the trunk, the sternum, the or vertebrae, which are strong, stable anchors. Another set of muscles forms the pelvic floor, where the muscles support the pelvic organs and assist with urination and defecation. Yet another category is the muscles that are concerned with breathing. These are the intercostal muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. See table 2 for details.


MAJOR MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK

Posted by Prakash
Thursday, September 1, 2011
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Three general groups of muscles are found in the head and neck: those that move the head or neck, the muscles of facial expression, and the muscles for chewing. The muscles that turn or bend the head, such as the sternocleidomastoids (flexion) and the pair of splenius capitis muscles (extension), are anchored to the skull and to the clavicle and sternum anteriorly or the vertebrae posteriorly. The muscles for smiling or frowning or raising our eyebrows in disbelief are anchored to the bones of the head or to the undersurface of the skin of the face. The masseter is an important chewing muscle in that it raises the mandible (closes the jaw).See table 1 for details of muscles of head and neck.


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